Revolutions and new nations

Revoluciones y nuevas naciones

1808–1898. Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808 set off a crisis across the Spanish world.

What happened

Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808 set off a crisis across the Spanish world. In Spain it brought war and the Constitution of Cádiz; in the Americas, wars of independence that by 1826 had left Spain only Cuba and Puerto Rico there. The new republics spent the century building states, fighting over borders and land, and writing national literatures of their own. The century closed in 1898, when Spain lost its last colonies in the Americas and Asia.

Within it

• The wars of independence (1808–1826)
• The new republics (1826–1898)

Its events

1. 28 July 1821: San Martín proclaims Peru's independence
2. 9 December 1824: Ayacucho: the end of Spanish rule in South America
3. February 1879–April 1884: The War of the Pacific